Delta spark - Dec 7, 2020 · If Delta files already exist you can directly run queries using Spark SQL on the directory of delta using the following syntax: SELECT * FROM delta. `/path/to/delta_directory` In most cases, you would want to create a table using delta files and operate on it using SQL. The notation is : CREATE TABLE USING DELTA LOCATION

 
You can upsert data from a source table, view, or DataFrame into a target Delta table using the merge operation. This operation is similar to the SQL MERGE INTO command but has additional support for deletes and extra conditions in updates, inserts, and deletes. Suppose you have a Spark DataFrame that contains new data for events with eventId.. Jobs that donpercent27t need high school diploma

DELETE FROM. July 21, 2023. Applies to: Databricks SQL Databricks Runtime. Deletes the rows that match a predicate. When no predicate is provided, deletes all rows. This statement is only supported for Delta Lake tables. In this article: Syntax. Parameters.Aug 30, 2023 · Delta Lake is fully compatible with Apache Spark APIs, and was developed for tight integration with Structured Streaming, allowing you to easily use a single copy of data for both batch and streaming operations and providing incremental processing at scale. Delta Lake is the default storage format for all operations on Azure Databricks. The Delta Standalone Reader (DSR) is a JVM library that allows you to read Delta Lake tables without the need to use Apache Spark; i.e. it can be used by any application that cannot run Spark. The motivation behind creating DSR is to enable better integrations with other systems such as Presto, Athena, Redshift Spectrum, Snowflake, and Apache ...Aug 30, 2023 · August 30, 2023 Delta Lake is the optimized storage layer that provides the foundation for storing data and tables in the Databricks Lakehouse Platform. Delta Lake is open source software that extends Parquet data files with a file-based transaction log for ACID transactions and scalable metadata handling. a fully-qualified class name of a custom implementation of org.apache.spark.sql.sources.DataSourceRegister. If USING is omitted, the default is DELTA. For any data_source other than DELTA you must also specify a LOCATION unless the table catalog is hive_metastore. The following applies to: Databricks RuntimeDelta Lake on Databricks has some performance optimizations as a result of being part of the Databricks Runtime; we're aiming for full API compatibility in OSS Delta Lake (though for some things like metastore support that requires changes only coming in Spark 3.0).Spark SQL is developed as part of Apache Spark. It thus gets tested and updated with each Spark release. If you have questions about the system, ask on the Spark mailing lists. The Spark SQL developers welcome contributions. If you'd like to help out, read how to contribute to Spark, and send us a patch! Delta Lake also boasts the richest ecosystem of direct connectors such as Flink, Presto, and Trino, giving you the ability to read and write to Delta Lake directly from the most popular engines without Apache Spark. Thanks to the Delta Lake contributors from Scribd and Back Market, you can also use Delta Rust - a foundational Delta Lake library ...The first entry point of data in the below architecture is Kafka, consumed by the Spark Streaming job and written in the form of a Delta Lake table. Let's see each component one by one. Event ...These will be used for configuring Spark. Delta Lake 0.7.0 or above. Apache Spark 3.0 or above. Apache Spark used must be built with Hadoop 3.2 or above. For example, a possible combination that will work is Delta 0.7.0 or above, along with Apache Spark 3.0 compiled and deployed with Hadoop 3.2.33. Delta is storing the data as parquet, just has an additional layer over it with advanced features, providing history of events, (transaction log) and more flexibility on changing the content like, update, delete and merge capabilities. This link delta explains quite good how the files organized. One drawback that it can get very fragmented ...a fully-qualified class name of a custom implementation of org.apache.spark.sql.sources.DataSourceRegister. If USING is omitted, the default is DELTA. For any data_source other than DELTA you must also specify a LOCATION unless the table catalog is hive_metastore. The following applies to: Databricks RuntimeFirstly, let’s see how to get Delta Lake to out Spark Notebook. pip install --upgrade pyspark pyspark --packages io.delta:delta-core_2.11:0.4.0. First command is not necessary if you already ...These will be used for configuring Spark. Delta Lake 0.7.0 or above. Apache Spark 3.0 or above. Apache Spark used must be built with Hadoop 3.2 or above. For example, a possible combination that will work is Delta 0.7.0 or above, along with Apache Spark 3.0 compiled and deployed with Hadoop 3.2.Follow these instructions to set up Delta Lake with Spark. You can run the steps in this guide on your local machine in the following two ways: Run interactively: Start the Spark shell (Scala or Python) with Delta Lake and run the code snippets interactively in the shell. Run as a project: Set up a Maven or SBT project (Scala or Java) with ... Delta Lake is an open-source storage framework that enables building a Lakehouse architecture with compute engines including Spark, PrestoDB, Flink, Trino, and Hive and APIs for Scala, Java, Rust, Ruby, and Python. Get Started GitHub Releases Roadmap Open Community driven, rapidly expanding integration ecosystem SimpleDelta merge logic whenMatchedDelete case. I'm working on the delta merge logic and wanted to delete a row on the delta table when the row gets deleted on the latest dataframe read. df = spark.createDataFrame ( [ ('Java', "20000"), # create your data here, be consistent in the types. ('PHP', '40000'), ('Scala', '50000'), ('Python', '10000 ...Delta Lake is an open-source storage framework that enables building a Lakehouse architecture with compute engines including Spark, PrestoDB, Flink, Trino, and Hive and APIs for Scala, Java, Rust, Ruby, and Python. Get Started GitHub Releases Roadmap Open Community driven, rapidly expanding integration ecosystem SimpleFollow these instructions to set up Delta Lake with Spark. You can run the steps in this guide on your local machine in the following two ways: Run interactively: Start the Spark shell (Scala or Python) with Delta Lake and run the code snippets interactively in the shell.Jul 6, 2023 · a fully-qualified class name of a custom implementation of org.apache.spark.sql.sources.DataSourceRegister. If USING is omitted, the default is DELTA. For any data_source other than DELTA you must also specify a LOCATION unless the table catalog is hive_metastore. The following applies to: Databricks Runtime Benefits of Optimize Writes. It's available on Delta Lake tables for both Batch and Streaming write patterns. There's no need to change the spark.write command pattern. The feature is enabled by a configuration setting or a table property.You can upsert data from a source table, view, or DataFrame into a target Delta table by using the MERGE SQL operation. Delta Lake supports inserts, updates, and deletes in MERGE, and it supports extended syntax beyond the SQL standards to facilitate advanced use cases. Suppose you have a source table named people10mupdates or a source path at ...Jul 13, 2023 · To use this Azure Databricks Delta Lake connector, you need to set up a cluster in Azure Databricks. To copy data to delta lake, Copy activity invokes Azure Databricks cluster to read data from an Azure Storage, which is either your original source or a staging area to where the service firstly writes the source data via built-in staged copy. Z-Ordering is a technique to colocate related information in the same set of files. This co-locality is automatically used by Delta Lake in data-skipping algorithms. This behavior dramatically reduces the amount of data that Delta Lake on Apache Spark needs to read. To Z-Order data, you specify the columns to order on in the ZORDER BY clause ...Now, Spark only has to perform incremental processing of 0000011.json and 0000012.json to have the current state of the table. Spark then caches version 12 of the table in memory. By following this workflow, Delta Lake is able to use Spark to keep the state of a table updated at all times in an efficient manner.Aug 10, 2023 · Delta will only read 2 partitions where part_col == 5 and 8 from the target delta store instead of all partitions. part_col is a column that the target delta data is partitioned by. It need not be present in the source data. Delta sink optimization options. In Settings tab, you find three more options to optimize delta sink transformation. May 22, 2020 · The above Java program uses the Spark framework that reads employee data and saves the data in Delta Lake. To leverage delta lake features, the spark read format and write format has to be changed ... Introduction. Delta Lake is an open source project that enables building a Lakehouse architecture on top of data lakes. Delta Lake provides ACID transactions, scalable metadata handling, and unifies streaming and batch data processing on top of existing data lakes, such as S3, ADLS, GCS, and HDFS. ACID transactions on Spark: Serializable ...The function configure_spark_with_delta_pip appends a config option in builder object.config("io.delta:delta-core_<scala_version>:<delta_version>") Share.GitHub - delta-io/delta: An open-source storage framework ...These will be used for configuring Spark. Delta Lake 0.7.0 or above. Apache Spark 3.0 or above. Apache Spark used must be built with Hadoop 3.2 or above. For example, a possible combination that will work is Delta 0.7.0 or above, along with Apache Spark 3.0 compiled and deployed with Hadoop 3.2.Dec 21, 2020 · Delta Lake is an open source storage layer that brings reliability to data lakes. It provides ACID transactions, scalable metadata handling, and unifies streaming and batch data processing. Delta Lake is fully compatible with Apache Spark APIs. Delta Sharing extends the ability to share data stored with Delta Lake to other clients. Delta Lake is built on top of Parquet, and as such, Azure Databricks also has optimized readers and writers for interacting with Parquet files. Databricks recommends using Delta Lake for all tables that receive regular updates or queries from Azure Databricks.Connect to Databricks. To connect to Azure Databricks using the Delta Sharing connector, do the following: Open the shared credential file with a text editor to retrieve the endpoint URL and the token. Open Power BI Desktop. On the Get Data menu, search for Delta Sharing. Select the connector and click Connect.You can upsert data from a source table, view, or DataFrame into a target Delta table by using the MERGE SQL operation. Delta Lake supports inserts, updates, and deletes in MERGE, and it supports extended syntax beyond the SQL standards to facilitate advanced use cases. Suppose you have a source table named people10mupdates or a source path at ...Main class for programmatically interacting with Delta tables. You can create DeltaTable instances using the path of the Delta table.: deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, "/path/to/table") In addition, you can convert an existing Parquet table in place into a Delta table.:Bug Since the release of delta-spark 1.2.0 we're seeing tests failing when trying to load data. Describe the problem This piece of code: from pyspark.sql import SparkSession SparkSession.builder.getOrCreate().read.load(path=load_path, fo...Jul 10, 2023 · You can upsert data from a source table, view, or DataFrame into a target Delta table by using the MERGE SQL operation. Delta Lake supports inserts, updates, and deletes in MERGE, and it supports extended syntax beyond the SQL standards to facilitate advanced use cases. Suppose you have a source table named people10mupdates or a source path at ... Connect to Databricks. To connect to Azure Databricks using the Delta Sharing connector, do the following: Open the shared credential file with a text editor to retrieve the endpoint URL and the token. Open Power BI Desktop. On the Get Data menu, search for Delta Sharing. Select the connector and click Connect.Feb 8, 2023 · Create a service principal, create a client secret, and then grant the service principal access to the storage account. See Tutorial: Connect to Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2 (Steps 1 through 3). After completing these steps, make sure to paste the tenant ID, app ID, and client secret values into a text file. You'll need those soon. Apr 15, 2023 · An open-source storage framework that enables building a Lakehouse architecture with compute engines including Spark, PrestoDB, Flink, Trino, and Hive and APIs - [Feature Request] Support Spark 3.4 · Issue #1696 · delta-io/delta Create a service principal, create a client secret, and then grant the service principal access to the storage account. See Tutorial: Connect to Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2 (Steps 1 through 3). After completing these steps, make sure to paste the tenant ID, app ID, and client secret values into a text file. You'll need those soon.Delta Live Tables infers the dependencies between these tables, ensuring updates occur in the correct order. For each dataset, Delta Live Tables compares the current state with the desired state and proceeds to create or update datasets using efficient processing methods. The settings of Delta Live Tables pipelines fall into two broad categories:Jun 29, 2021 · It looks like this is removed for python when combining delta-spark 0.8 with Spark 3.0+. Since you are currently running on a Spark 2.4 pool you are still getting the ... Jun 8, 2023 · Delta Sharing extends the ability to share data stored with Delta Lake to other clients. Delta Lake is built on top of Parquet, and as such, Azure Databricks also has optimized readers and writers for interacting with Parquet files. Databricks recommends using Delta Lake for all tables that receive regular updates or queries from Azure Databricks. Learn more about how Delta Lake 1.0 supports Apache Spark 3.1 and enables a new set of features, including Generated Columns, Cloud Independence, Multi-cluster Transactions, and more. Also, get a preview of the Delta Lake 2021 2H Roadmap and what you can expect to see by the end of the year.Line # 1 — we import SparkSession class from the pyspark.sql module. Line # 2 — We specify the dependencies that are required for Spark to work e.g. to allow Spark to interact with AWS (S3 in our case), use Delta Lake core etc. Line # 3 — We instantiate SparkSession object which marks as an entry point to use Spark in our script.The jars folder include all required jars for s3 file system as mentioned in ‘Apache Spark’ section above. ‘spark-defaults.conf’ will be the same configure file for your local spark. ‘generate_kubeconfig.sh’ is referenced from this github gist in order to generate kubeconfig for service account ‘spark’ which will be used by ...poetry add --allow-prereleases delta-spark==2.1.0rc1; Both give: Could not find a matching version of package delta-sparkApr 15, 2023 · An open-source storage framework that enables building a Lakehouse architecture with compute engines including Spark, PrestoDB, Flink, Trino, and Hive and APIs - [Feature Request] Support Spark 3.4 · Issue #1696 · delta-io/delta OPTIMIZE returns the file statistics (min, max, total, and so on) for the files removed and the files added by the operation. Optimize stats also contains the Z-Ordering statistics, the number of batches, and partitions optimized. You can also compact small files automatically using auto compaction. See Auto compaction for Delta Lake on Azure ...Delta Lake is the optimized storage layer that provides the foundation for storing data and tables in the Databricks Lakehouse Platform. Delta Lake is open source software that extends Parquet data files with a file-based transaction log for ACID transactions and scalable metadata handling. Delta Lake is fully compatible with Apache Spark APIs ...Jun 30, 2023 · OPTIMIZE returns the file statistics (min, max, total, and so on) for the files removed and the files added by the operation. Optimize stats also contains the Z-Ordering statistics, the number of batches, and partitions optimized. You can also compact small files automatically using auto compaction. See Auto compaction for Delta Lake on Azure ... Mar 3, 2023 · To walk through this post, we use Delta Lake version > 2.0.0, which is supported in Apache Spark 3.2.x. Choose the Delta Lake version compatible with your Spark version by visiting the Delta Lake releases page. We use an EMR Serverless application with version emr-6.9.0, which supports Spark version 3.3.0. Deploy your resources Jan 14, 2023 · % python3 -m pip install delta-spark. Preparing a Raw Dataset. Here we are creating a dataframe of raw orders data which has 4 columns, account_id, address_id, order_id, and delivered_order_time ... Spark SQL is developed as part of Apache Spark. It thus gets tested and updated with each Spark release. If you have questions about the system, ask on the Spark mailing lists. The Spark SQL developers welcome contributions. If you'd like to help out, read how to contribute to Spark, and send us a patch! a fully-qualified class name of a custom implementation of org.apache.spark.sql.sources.DataSourceRegister. If USING is omitted, the default is DELTA. For any data_source other than DELTA you must also specify a LOCATION unless the table catalog is hive_metastore. The following applies to: Databricks RuntimeAugust 30, 2023 Delta Lake is the optimized storage layer that provides the foundation for storing data and tables in the Databricks Lakehouse Platform. Delta Lake is open source software that extends Parquet data files with a file-based transaction log for ACID transactions and scalable metadata handling.AWS Glue for Apache Spark natively supports Delta Lake. AWS Glue version 3.0 (Apache Spark 3.1.1) supports Delta Lake 1.0.0, and AWS Glue version 4.0 (Apache Spark 3.3.0) supports Delta Lake 2.1.0. With this native support for Delta Lake, what you need for configuring Delta Lake is to provide a single job parameter --datalake-formats delta ...The above Java program uses the Spark framework that reads employee data and saves the data in Delta Lake. To leverage delta lake features, the spark read format and write format has to be changed ...Delta Lake is an open-source storage framework that enables building a Lakehouse architecture with compute engines including Spark, PrestoDB, Flink, Trino, and Hive and APIs for Scala, Java, Rust, Ruby, and Python. Get Started GitHub Releases Roadmap Open Community driven, rapidly expanding integration ecosystem SimpleDelta Sharing extends the ability to share data stored with Delta Lake to other clients. Delta Lake is built on top of Parquet, and as such, Azure Databricks also has optimized readers and writers for interacting with Parquet files. Databricks recommends using Delta Lake for all tables that receive regular updates or queries from Azure Databricks.Nov 17, 2019 · Firstly, let’s see how to get Delta Lake to out Spark Notebook. pip install --upgrade pyspark pyspark --packages io.delta:delta-core_2.11:0.4.0. First command is not necessary if you already ... Delta Lake is an open source storage layer that brings reliability to data lakes. Delta Lake provides ACID transactions, scalable metadata handling, and unifies streaming and batch data processing. Delta Lake runs on top of your existing data lake and is fully compatible with Apache Spark APIs. Delta Lake key points:GitHub - delta-io/delta: An open-source storage framework ...The connector recognizes Delta Lake tables created in the metastore by the Databricks runtime. If non-Delta Lake tables are present in the metastore as well, they are not visible to the connector. To configure access to S3 and S3-compatible storage, Azure storage, and others, consult the appropriate section of the Hive documentation: Amazon S3. 0.6.1 is the Delta Lake version which is the version supported with Spark 2.4.4. As of 20200905, latest version of delta lake is 0.7.0 with is supported with Spark 3.0. AWS EMR specific: Do not use delta lake with EMR 5.29.0, it has known issues. It is recommended to upgrade or downgrade the EMR version to work with Delta Lake.Nov 17, 2019 · Firstly, let’s see how to get Delta Lake to out Spark Notebook. pip install --upgrade pyspark pyspark --packages io.delta:delta-core_2.11:0.4.0. First command is not necessary if you already ... Here is how Change Data Feed (CDF) implementation helps resolve the above issues: Simplicity and convenience - Uses a common, easy-to-use pattern for identifying changes, making your code simple, convenient and easy to understand. Efficiency - The ability to only have the rows that have changed between versions, makes downstream consumption of ...Mar 10, 2022 · This might be infeasible, or atleast introduce a lot of overhead, if you want to build data applications like Streamlit apps or ML APIs ontop of the data in your Delta tables. This package tries to fix this, by providing a lightweight python wrapper around the delta file format, without any Spark dependencies. Installation. Install the package ... DELETE FROM. July 21, 2023. Applies to: Databricks SQL Databricks Runtime. Deletes the rows that match a predicate. When no predicate is provided, deletes all rows. This statement is only supported for Delta Lake tables. In this article: Syntax. Parameters.Creating a Delta Table. The first thing to do is instantiate a Spark Session and configure it with the Delta-Lake dependencies. # Install the delta-spark package. !pip install delta-spark. from pyspark.sql import SparkSession. from pyspark.sql.types import StructField, StructType, StringType, IntegerType, DoubleType.Aug 30, 2023 · August 30, 2023 Delta Lake is the optimized storage layer that provides the foundation for storing data and tables in the Databricks Lakehouse Platform. Delta Lake is open source software that extends Parquet data files with a file-based transaction log for ACID transactions and scalable metadata handling. Recently, i am encountering an issue in the databricks cluster where it could not accessing the delta table (unmanaged delta table) which parquet files are stored in the azure datalake gen2 storage account. The issue is it could not read/update from the…Delta Lake is an open-source storage layer that enables building a data lakehouse on top of existing storage systems over cloud objects with additional features like ACID properties, schema enforcement, and time travel features enabled. Underlying data is stored in snappy parquet format along with delta logs. Jan 14, 2023 · % python3 -m pip install delta-spark. Preparing a Raw Dataset. Here we are creating a dataframe of raw orders data which has 4 columns, account_id, address_id, order_id, and delivered_order_time ... Spark SQL is developed as part of Apache Spark. It thus gets tested and updated with each Spark release. If you have questions about the system, ask on the Spark mailing lists. The Spark SQL developers welcome contributions. If you'd like to help out, read how to contribute to Spark, and send us a patch!Delta Lake also boasts the richest ecosystem of direct connectors such as Flink, Presto, and Trino, giving you the ability to read and write to Delta Lake directly from the most popular engines without Apache Spark. Thanks to the Delta Lake contributors from Scribd and Back Market, you can also use Delta Rust - a foundational Delta Lake library ...Firstly, let’s see how to get Delta Lake to out Spark Notebook. pip install --upgrade pyspark pyspark --packages io.delta:delta-core_2.11:0.4.0. First command is not necessary if you already ...Now, Spark only has to perform incremental processing of 0000011.json and 0000012.json to have the current state of the table. Spark then caches version 12 of the table in memory. By following this workflow, Delta Lake is able to use Spark to keep the state of a table updated at all times in an efficient manner.Jul 8, 2019 · Delta Lake on Databricks has some performance optimizations as a result of being part of the Databricks Runtime; we're aiming for full API compatibility in OSS Delta Lake (though for some things like metastore support that requires changes only coming in Spark 3.0).

Sep 5, 2023 · Connect to Databricks. To connect to Azure Databricks using the Delta Sharing connector, do the following: Open the shared credential file with a text editor to retrieve the endpoint URL and the token. Open Power BI Desktop. On the Get Data menu, search for Delta Sharing. Select the connector and click Connect. . Sampercent27s club st joseph mo

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The Spark shell and spark-submit tool support two ways to load configurations dynamically. The first is command line options, such as --master, as shown above. spark-submit can accept any Spark property using the --conf/-c flag, but uses special flags for properties that play a part in launching the Spark application.You can upsert data from a source table, view, or DataFrame into a target Delta table by using the MERGE SQL operation. Delta Lake supports inserts, updates and deletes in MERGE, and it supports extended syntax beyond the SQL standards to facilitate advanced use cases. Suppose you have a source table named people10mupdates or a source path at ...Mar 10, 2022 · This might be infeasible, or atleast introduce a lot of overhead, if you want to build data applications like Streamlit apps or ML APIs ontop of the data in your Delta tables. This package tries to fix this, by providing a lightweight python wrapper around the delta file format, without any Spark dependencies. Installation. Install the package ... So, let's start Spark Shell with delta lake enabled. spark-shell --packages io.delta:delta-core_2.11:0.3.0. view raw DL06.sh hosted with by GitHub. So, the delta lake comes as an additional package. All you need to do is to include this dependency in your project and start using it. Simple.Delta Lake also boasts the richest ecosystem of direct connectors such as Flink, Presto, and Trino, giving you the ability to read and write to Delta Lake directly from the most popular engines without Apache Spark. Thanks to the Delta Lake contributors from Scribd and Back Market, you can also use Delta Rust - a foundational Delta Lake library ...Aug 28, 2023 · Delta Live Tables infers the dependencies between these tables, ensuring updates occur in the correct order. For each dataset, Delta Live Tables compares the current state with the desired state and proceeds to create or update datasets using efficient processing methods. The settings of Delta Live Tables pipelines fall into two broad categories: So, let's start Spark Shell with delta lake enabled. spark-shell --packages io.delta:delta-core_2.11:0.3.0. view raw DL06.sh hosted with by GitHub. So, the delta lake comes as an additional package. All you need to do is to include this dependency in your project and start using it. Simple. Delta Lake 1.0 or below to Delta Lake 1.1 or above. If the name of a partition column in a Delta table contains invalid characters (,;{}() \t=), you cannot read it in Delta Lake 1.1 and above, due to SPARK-36271.Jan 29, 2020 · Query Delta Lake Tables from Presto and Athena, Improved Operations Concurrency, and Merge performance. Get an early preview of O'Reilly's new ebook for the step-by-step guidance you need to start using Delta Lake. We are excited to announce the release of Delta Lake 0.5.0, which introduces Presto/Athena support and improved concurrency. Aug 30, 2023 · August 30, 2023 Delta Lake is the optimized storage layer that provides the foundation for storing data and tables in the Databricks Lakehouse Platform. Delta Lake is open source software that extends Parquet data files with a file-based transaction log for ACID transactions and scalable metadata handling. Delta Lake. An open-source storage framework that enables building a Lakehouse architecture with compute engines including Spark, PrestoDB, Flink, Trino, and Hive and APIs. 385 followers. Wherever there is big data. https://delta.io. @deltalakeoss. @[email protected] 29, 2023 · You can directly ingest data with Delta Live Tables from most message buses. For more information about configuring access to cloud storage, see Cloud storage configuration. For formats not supported by Auto Loader, you can use Python or SQL to query any format supported by Apache Spark. See Load data with Delta Live Tables. May 26, 2021 · Today, we’re launching a new open source project that simplifies cross-organization sharing: Delta Sharing, an open protocol for secure real-time exchange of large datasets, which enables secure data sharing across products for the first time. We’re developing Delta Sharing with partners at the top software and data providers in the world. Apr 26, 2021 · Data versioning with Delta Lake. Delta Lake is an open-source project that powers the lakehouse architecture. While there are a few open-source lakehouse projects, we favor Delta Lake for its tight integration with Apache Spark™ and its supports for the following features: ACID transactions; Scalable metadata handling; Time travel; Schema ... .

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